Sisebenzisa amakhukhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho.Ngokuqhubeka nokuphequlula leli sayithi, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu amakhukhi.Ulwazi olwengeziwe.
Igwebu le-polyurethane (PU) livame ukusetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, kepha ngokuphushela ekukhiqizweni kweqanda, izinto ezihambisana nemvelo zithola ukunakwa okukhulayo.Ukuthuthukisa isithunzi sabo esiluhlaza kubalulekile.
I-Polyurethane Foam iyi-polymer ehlanganisa amayunithi e-organic monomer axhunywe i-urethane.I-polyurethane iyinto engasindi enokuqukethwe komoya okuphezulu kanye nesakhiwo samaseli avulekile.I-polyurethane ikhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-disocyanate noma i-triisocyanate nama-polyols futhi ingashintshwa ngokufakwa kwezinye izinto.
Igwebu le-polystyrene lingenziwa nge-polyurethane yobulukhuni obuhlukahlukene, nezinye izinto ezingasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kwayo.I-Thermoset polyurethane foam iwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu, kodwa amanye ama-polymers we-thermoplastic akhona.Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zegwebu le-thermoset ukumelana nomlilo, ukuguquguquka nokuqina.
Igwebu le-polyurethane lisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezokwakha ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezikwazi ukumelana nomlilo, izakhiwo ezingasindi nezezakhiwo zokuvikela.Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto zokwakha eziqinile kodwa ezingasindi futhi ingathuthukisa izakhiwo zobuhle zezakhiwo.
Izinhlobo eziningi zefenisha nokhaphethi ziqukethe i-polyurethane ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko kanye nokuqina.Imithetho ye-EPA idinga ukuthi izinto zelashwe ngokugcwele ukuze kumiswe ukusabela kokuqala futhi kugwenywe izinkinga zobuthi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-polyurethane foam ingathuthukisa ukumelana nomlilo kwezingubo zokulala nefenisha.
I-spray polyurethane foam (SPF) iyinto eyisisekelo yokwahlukanisa ethuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla esakhiwo kanye nokunethezeka kokuhlala.Ukusebenzisa lezi zinto zokuvikela ukushisa kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa futhi kuthuthukisa izinga lomoya wasendlini.
I-PU-based adhesives nayo isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yezinkuni njenge-MDF, OSB kanye ne-chipboard.Ukuguquguquka kwe-PU kusho ukuthi ingasetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokuvala umsindo nokumelana nokugqoka, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa okwedlulele, ukumelana nesikhutha, ukumelana nokuguga, njll. Le nto inokusetshenziswa okuningi embonini yezokwakha.
Nakuba i-polyurethane foam iwusizo kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa ezicini eziningi zokwakha izakhiwo, inezinkinga ezithile.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusimama kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwalokhu okubalulekile kuye kwabuzwa kakhulu, futhi ucwaningo lokubhekana nalezi zinkinga seluvame kakhulu ezincwadini.
Isici esiyinhloko esikhawulela ubungane bemvelo kanye nokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kwalesi sisetshenziswa ukusetshenziswa kwama-isocyanate asebenza kakhulu futhi anobuthi phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza.Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-catalysts kanye nama-surfactants nazo zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amagwebu e-polyurethane anezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angama-30 awo wonke amagwebu enziwe kabusha enziwe nge-polyurethane aphelela endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu, okubangela inkinga enkulu yezemvelo embonini yezokwakha ngenxa yokuthi impahla ayiboli kalula.Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yegwebu le-polyurethane igaywa kabusha.
Kusekuningi okusamele kuthuthukiswe kulezi zindawo, futhi kuze kube manje, ucwaningo oluningi luye lwahlola izindlela ezintsha zokuvuselela nokusebenzisa kabusha igwebu le-polyurethane nezinye izinto ze-polyurethane.Izindlela ezingokwenyama, zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubuyisela igwebu le-polyurethane ukuze kusetshenziswe inani elingeziwe.
Kodwa-ke, okwamanje azikho izinketho zokuphinda zigaywe ezihlinzeka ngomkhiqizo wokugcina wekhwalithi ephezulu, ongasebenziseka kabusha, nozinzile.Ngaphambi kokuthi ukugaywa kabusha kwegwebu le-polyurethane kuthathwe njengendlela esebenzayo embonini yokwakha neyefenisha, izithiyo ezifana nezindleko, ukukhiqiza okuncane kanye nokuntuleka okukhulu kwengqalasizinda yokuvuselela kabusha kufanele kubhekwane nayo.
Leli phepha, elishicilelwe ngoNovemba 2022, lihlola izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukusimama kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwalesi sakhiwo esibalulekile.Ucwaningo, olwenziwa ososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseLiege eBelgium, lushicilelwe kumagazini i-Angewandte Chemie International Edition.
Le ndlela emisha ihilela ukufaka esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa kwama-isocyanate anobuthi kakhulu futhi asebenzayo ngezinto ezivikela imvelo.I-Carbon dioxide, enye ikhemikhali eyingozi endaweni ezungezile, isetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza kule ndlela entsha yokukhiqiza igwebu le-polyurethane eluhlaza.
Le nqubo yokukhiqiza esimeme emvelweni isebenzisa amanzi ukuze kwakhiwe i-ejenti enegwebu, ilingisa ubuchwepheshe obugwebu obusetshenziswa ekucubunguleni igwebu le-polyurethane lendabuko nokugwema ngempumelelo ukusetshenziswa kwama-isocyanate ayingozi emvelweni.Umphumela uba igwebu le-polyurethane eliluhlaza ababhali abalibiza ngokuthi “NIPU.”
Ngaphezu kwamanzi, le nqubo isebenzisa i-catalyst ukuguqula i-cyclic carbonate, enye indlela eluhlaza ku-isocyanates, ibe yi-carbon dioxide ukuze ihlanze i-substrate.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, igwebu liyaqina ngokusabela ngama-amines endabeni.
Inqubo entsha ekhonjiswe ephepheni ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziqinile ze-polyurethane eziqinile ezinokusabalalisa okujwayelekile kwezimbotshana.Ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kwemfucuza ye-carbon dioxide kunikeza ukufinyelela okulula kuma-cyclic carbonates ngezinqubo zokukhiqiza.Umphumela uba isenzo esiphindwe kabili: ukwakheka kwe-ejenti enegwebu kanye nokwakheka kwe-PU matrix.
Ithimba labacwaningi lidale ubuchwepheshe be-modular obulula, obusebenziseka kalula okuthi, uma buhlanganiswa nomkhiqizo otholakala kalula futhi ongabizi oqalayo ohambisana nemvelo, budale isizukulwane esisha segwebu le-polyurethane eliluhlaza embonini yezokwakha.Ngakho-ke lokhu kuzoqinisa imizamo yale mboni yokuthola ukukhishwa kwentuthu ephumayo.
Nakuba ingekho indlela yokulinganisa eyodwa yokuthuthukisa ukusimama embonini yezokwakha, ucwaningo lusaqhubeka ngezindlela ezihlukene zokubhekana nalolu daba olubalulekile lwezemvelo.
Izindlela ezintsha, ezifana nobuchwepheshe obusha obuvela eqenjini le-University of Liege, zizosiza kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ubungane bemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwegwebu le-polyurethane.Kubalulekile ukufaka esikhundleni samakhemikhali endabuko anobuthi obukhulu asetshenziswa ekugayweni kabusha kanye nokwenza ngcono ukubola kwe-biodegradability yamagwebu e-polyurethane.
Uma imboni yezokwakha izohlangabezana nezibophezelo zayo zokungakhiqizi i-net-zero ngokuhambisana nezinjongo zamazwe ngamazwe zokunciphisa umthelela wabantu ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu kanye nomhlaba wemvelo, izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukujikeleza kufanele kube okugxilwe kukho ocwaningweni olusha.Ngokusobala, indlela “yebhizinisi njengenjwayelo” ayisenakwenzeka.
I-University of Liège (2022) Ithuthukisa amagwebu e-polyurethane esimeme kakhudlwana futhi agaywa kabusha [Ku-inthanethi] phys.org.okwamukelekayo:
Ukwakha NgeKhemistry (iwebhusayithi) I-Polyurethanes Ekwakhiweni [ku-inthanethi] Buildingwithchemistry.org.okwamukelekayo:
I-Gadhav, RV et al (2019) Izindlela zokuvuselela nokulahlwa kwemfucuza ye-polyurethane: ukubuyekezwa kwe-Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 9 pp. 39–51 [Online] scirp.org.okwamukelekayo:
Ukuzihlangula: Imibono evezwe lapha ngeyombhali ngokwesikhundla sakhe siqu futhi ayibonisi imibono ye-AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork, umnikazi kanye nomsebenzisi wale webhusayithi.Lo mshwana wokuzihlangula uyingxenye yemigomo nemibandela yokusebenzisa le webhusayithi.
U-Reg Davey ungumbhali nomhleli ozisebenzelayo ozinze e-Nottingham, e-UK.Ukubhalela i-AZoNetwork kumelela inhlanganisela yezinto ezithakaselayo kanye nezindawo abenentshisekelo kuzo futhi wabandakanyeka kuzo eminyakeni edlule, okuhlanganisa i-microbiology, isayensi ye-biomedical kanye nesayensi yezemvelo.
David, Reginald (23 May 2023).Ingabe i-polyurethane foam ihambisana kanjani nemvelo?AZoBuild.Ibuyiswe ngoNovemba 22, 2023, kusukela ku-https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8610.
UDavid, uReginald: “Igwebu le-polyurethane lihambisana kanjani nemvelo?”AZoBuild.Novemba 22, 2023
UDavid, uReginald: “Igwebu le-polyurethane lihambisana kanjani nemvelo?”AZoBuild.https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8610.(Ifinyelelwe ngoNovemba 22, 2023).
David, Reginald, 2023. Aluhlaza Kangakanani Amagwebu ePolyurethane?I-AZoBuild, ifinyelelwe ngoNovemba 22, 2023, https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8610.
Kule ngxoxo, uMuriel Gubar, umphathi wezingxenye zomhlaba jikelele wezinto zokwakha e-Malvern Panalytical, uxoxa ngezinselele zokusimama kwemboni kasimende ne-AzoBuild.
Kulolu suku lwamazwe ngamazwe lwabesifazane, i-AZoBuild ibe nenjabulo yokukhuluma noDkt. Silke Langenberg wase-ETH Zurich ngomsebenzi wakhe oncomekayo nocwaningo.
I-AZoBuild ikhuluma noStephen Ford, umqondisi we-Suscons nomsunguli we-Street2Meet, mayelana nezinhlelo ezengayo zokudala izindawo zokukhosela eziqinile, ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi eziphephile zalabo abadinga usizo.
Lesi sihloko sizonikeza umbono wezinto zokwakha ezenziwe nge-bioengineered futhi sixoxe ngezinto zokwakha, imikhiqizo, namaphrojekthi azokwenzeka ngenxa yocwaningo kulo mkhakha.
Njengoba isidingo sokususa ikhabhoni endaweni eyakhiwe kanye nokwakha izakhiwo ezingathathi hlangothi sikhula, ukuncishiswa kwekhabhoni kuba okubalulekile.
I-AZoBuild ikhulume noSolwazi uNoguchi kanye noMaruyama mayelana nocwaningo lwabo kanye nokuthuthuka kokhonkolo we-calcium carbonate (CCC), into entsha engavusa uguquko oluqhubekayo embonini yezokwakha.
I-AZoBuild kanye ne-architectural cooperative Lacol ixoxa ngephrojekthi yabo yezindlu ngokubambisana i-La Borda e-Barcelona, eSpain.Le phrojekthi ifakwe ohlwini olufushane loMklomelo we-EU we-2022 we-Contemporary Architecture - uMklomelo we-Mies van der Rohe.
I-AZoBuild idingida iphrojekthi yayo yezindlu zomphakathi ezingama-85 ne-EU Mies van der Rohe Award owafinyelela kowamanqamu iPeris+Toral Arquitectes.
Njengoba u-2022 ususondele, kuyakhula injabulo kulandela isimemezelo sohlu olufushane lwezinkampani zezakhiwo eziqokelwe Umklomelo We-European Union for Contemporary Architecture - uMklomelo ka-Mies van der Rohe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-22-2023
